WADA prohibited list comes up often in conversation and rarely with the context attached. Here we lay out the basics in order, then work through the practical considerations.
Last reviewed on 2026-04-08. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
AOD9604 is commonly supplied as a white to off-white lyophilized powder. The powder is typically stored at -20 °C or below, protected from light and moisture, because peptides can degrade through oxidation, hydrolysis, or aggregation. If it is reconstituted for laboratory use, an appropriate aqueous buffer or solvent is chosen, and the solution is kept cold and handled to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. These practices support stability but do not imply suitability for human use.
Identity and purity are usually assessed with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Reversed-phase HPLC separates the peptide from related impurities and can estimate purity by ultraviolet absorbance, while mass spectrometry confirms the molecular mass and detects modifications. Peptide mapping, amino acid analysis, and disulfide mapping may be used when the sequence or disulfide arrangement must be verified. Because AOD9604 contains cysteine residues, oxidation and disulfide isomers are possible quality concerns in synthetic batches.
The peptide is frequently described as a growth hormone fragment, although it is chemically distinct from full-length hGH. AOD-9604 contains 16 amino acids and includes two cysteine residues that can form an intramolecular disulfide bond. In solution, this structural feature can influence folding, aggregation, and stability. Published descriptions sometimes call it hGH 176-191 or AOD9604, with spacing and capitalization varying. Such naming differences can complicate literature searches, database entries, and product verification.
Researchers have studied the fragment in cell and animal models to understand its metabolic actions. Some experiments report effects on fat breakdown and fat storage pathways, but the underlying mechanism remains incompletely defined. AOD-9604 does not appear to stimulate the same broad growth hormone receptor signaling as full-length hGH. Whether its observed activities arise from direct receptor interactions or downstream metabolic changes is an open question. Results from different assays are not always consistent.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Lyophilized form; visual inspection |
| Solubility | Soluble in water and aqueous buffers | Depends on pH, purity, and counterion |
| Typical storage | -20 °C or below, desiccated | Protect from light; avoid repeated freeze-thaw after reconstitution |
| Common analytical method | Reversed-phase HPLC and mass spectrometry | Purity by HPLC; identity and mass by LC-MS or MALDI-TOF |
| Common synonyms | hGH fragment 176–191; AOD-9604 | Names vary in research and product labeling |
Regulatory interest in AOD-9604 increased after high-profile anti-doping cases involving peptide products. In some cases, the substance was supplied under alternative names or in compounded preparations, complicating traceability. Sports tribunals and anti-doping panels have discussed whether the peptide was explicitly banned at the time of use, leading to clarifications by the World Anti-Doping Agency. For consumers and researchers, the legal status can vary by jurisdiction, and products marketed as research chemicals may lack independent quality verification.
AOD-9604 is listed as a prohibited substance in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency. It falls under the peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances, and mimetics class on the prohibited list. Anti-doping organizations treat its presence in an athlete's sample as an adverse finding unless a therapeutic use exemption applies. The prohibition reflects concerns about performance enhancement in competitive settings and the difficulty of distinguishing exogenous peptide use from endogenous hormone fragments.
Detection of AOD-9604 in biological samples relies on analytical techniques capable of distinguishing a small synthetic peptide from related endogenous sequences. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry is commonly used for confirmatory analysis. Sample preparation may involve immunoaffinity enrichment or solid-phase extraction to concentrate the peptide. Because the molecule is small and may be present at low concentrations, assay sensitivity and specificity are ongoing analytical challenges. Laboratories also validate methods against reference materials when available.
Development of AOD-9604 began in the 1990s as scientists sought to isolate metabolic effects of growth hormone without its growth-promoting actions. Early laboratory work focused on fat cells and animal models. Several human trials followed, examining changes in body composition and fat mass. Results have been mixed, and the peptide has not progressed to widespread clinical approval. Interest continues in research settings, particularly regarding its mechanism and potential metabolic targets.
Regulatory status varies by country. In the United States, AOD-9604 is not approved as a prescription drug. It is sometimes sold as a research chemical or dietary supplement, though such marketing may fall outside legal frameworks. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits its use in sport. Researchers must obtain it through legitimate suppliers and follow institutional rules. Its legal classification continues to evolve as authorities increasingly assess peptide products more broadly.
=== Media === In literature, characters believed to exhibit signs of BPD include Catherine in Wuthering Heights (1847), Smerdyakov in The Brothers Karamazov (1880), and Harry Haller in Steppenwolf (1927). Films have also attempted to portray BPD, with characters in Margot at the Wedding (2007), Mr. Nobody (2009), Cracks (2009), Truth (2013), Wounded (2013), Welcome to Me (2014), and Tamasha (2015) all suggested to show traits of the disorder. The behavior of Theresa Dunn in Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1975) is consistent with BPD, as suggested by Robert O. Friedel. Films like Play Misty for Me (1971) and Girl, Interrupted (1999, based on the memoir of the same name) suggest emotional instability characteristic of BPD, while Single White Female (1992) highlights aspects such as identity disturbance and fear of abandonment. Clementine in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) is noted to show classic BPD behavior, and Carey Mulligan's portrayal in Shame (2011) is praised by psychiatrists for its accuracy regarding BPD characteristics. Television series like Crazy Ex-Girlfriend (2015) and the miniseries Maniac (2018) depict characters with BPD. Traits of BPD and narcissistic personality disorders are observed in characters like Cersei and Jaime Lannister from A Song of Ice and Fire (1996) and its TV adaptation Game of Thrones (2011). In The Sopranos (1999), Livia Soprano is diagnosed with BPD, and even the portrayal of Bruce Wayne/Batman in the show Titans (2018) is said to include aspects of the disorder.
=== Nutrition === Raw chanterelle mushrooms are 90% water, 7% carbohydrates, including 4% dietary fiber, 1.5% protein, and have negligible fat. A 100 gram reference amount of raw chanterelles supplies 38 kilocalories of food energy and the B vitamins, niacin and pantothenic acid, in rich content (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV), 27% DV of iron, with moderate contents (10-1 of riboflavin, manganese, and potassium (table). When exposed to sunlight, raw chanterelles produce a rich amount of vitamin D2 (35% DV) – also known as ergocalciferol.
=== Vitamin B12-dependent enzymes === The cobalt-containing Vitamin B12 (also known as cobalamin) catalyzes the transfer of methyl (−CH3) groups between two molecules, which involves the breaking of C−C bonds, a process that is energetically expensive in organic reactions. The metal ion lowers the activation energy for the process by forming a transient Co−CH3 bond. The structure of the coenzyme was famously determined by Dorothy Hodgkin and co-workers, for which she received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry. It consists of a cobalt(II) ion coordinated to four nitrogen atoms of a corrin ring and a fifth nitrogen atom from an imidazole group. In the resting state there is a Co−C sigma bond with the 5′ carbon atom of adenosine. This is a naturally occurring organometallic compound, which explains its function in trans-methylation reactions, such as the reaction carried out by methionine synthase.
In December 1966, the UN further iterated that these sanctions were mandatory, and member states were explicitly barred from purchasing Rhodesian export goods, namely tobacco, chromium, copper, asbestos, sugar, and beef. The British government, having already adopted extensive sanctions of its own, dispatched a Royal Navy squadron to monitor oil deliveries in the port of Beira in Mozambique, from which a strategic pipeline ran to Umtali in Rhodesia. The warships were to deter "by force, if necessary, vessels reasonably believed to be carrying oil destined for (Southern) Rhodesia". Some Western nations, such as Switzerland and West Germany, which were not UN member states, continued to conduct business openly with Rhodesia – the latter remained the Smith government's largest trading partner in Western Europe until 1973, when it was admitted to the UN. Japan remained the chief recipient of Rhodesian exports outside the African continent, and Iran also supplied oil to Rhodesia in violation of the embargo. Portugal served as a conduit for Rhodesian goods, which it exported through Mozambique with false certificates of origin. South Africa, too, refused to observe the UN sanctions. In 1971, the Byrd Amendment was passed in the United States, permitting American firms to go on importing Rhodesian chromium and nickel products as normal. Despite the poor showing of sanctions, Rhodesia found it nearly impossible to obtain diplomatic recognition abroad. In 1970, the United States declared it would not recognise UDI "under [any] circumstances".
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Locations === Stumptown operates five cafes in Portland. They are located on SE 45th & Division St., SE 34th & Belmont, downtown at SW 3rd & Ash St., inside the Ace Hotel at 1022 SW Stark Street, and at the Portland International Airport. The company also owns a roasting facility and a retail annex inside their headquarters at 100 SE Salmon St. The original location on SE Division was previously a hair salon called "The Hair Bender," whose name Stumptown adopted for one of their signature espresso blends. In November 2007, Stumptown opened two cafes in Seattle. In September 2009, the company also launched a cafe in New York's Ace Hotel. A temporary "pop-up" location appeared in Amsterdam's De Pijp neighborhood in May 2010. Opened by Sorenson, he claimed it was never intended to be permanent and closed its doors that same year. In 2013, Stumptown opened a second New York City café and a café/roaster in Los Angeles. Additional cafes have also opened in Chicago and New Orleans. Stumptown opened their third New York cafe in a historic Brooklyn firehouse in the summer of 2018. A location at the Portland International Airport opened in 2024.
== Biography == In 1964 Bernd Michael Rode graduated from high school (“Akademisches Gymnasium Innsbruck”) and commenced studies in chemistry at the University of Innsbruck. In 1973 he received his Ph.D. degree in chemistry with sub auspiciis praesidentis from the University of Innsbruck. In 1973 Prof. Rode started his career as an assistant professor at the Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry of the University of Innsbruck. After research stays in Germany (University of Stuttgart and University of Karlsruhe) he became an associate professor in Innsbruck in the year 1976. After spending a 1-year research stay at the University of Tokyo, Prof. Rode started his professorship at the Institute of Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Innsbruck. From 2006 to 2011 he was head of the Department of Theoretical Chemistry and head of the Institute for General Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. One of Prof. Rode’s largest achievements was the foundation of the University Network ASEA-UNINET (Austrian South East Asian University Partnership Network) in 1994. The foundations for this network were laid by informal contacts between the University of Innsbruck and Thai Universities that date back to the 1970s. In the 1980s partnerships between the University of Innsbruck, the University of Vienna, the University of Agricultural Sciences Vienna, the Chulalongkorn University, the Mahidol University, the Kasetsart University and the Chiang Mai University were concluded.
=== Breakdown of biopolymers === Biopolymers like cellulose, lignin, chitin, or starch may be broken down into their individual nanoscale building blocks, obtaining anisotropic fiber- or needle-like nanoparticles. The biopolymers are disintegrated mechanically in combination with chemical oxidation or enzymatic treatment to promote breakup, or hydrolysed using acid.
=== Indirect discrimination === Although the Fair Work Act 2009 does not expressly distinguish direct and indirect discrimination as other federal legislation does, and state legislation does, if a rule that is neutral on its face has a disparate impact on one group, this will also be unlawful. For example, in Australian Iron & Steel Pty Ltd v Banovic an employer’s policy for redundancy based on “last in, first off” was held to be indirect discrimination against women, who at that mining workplace has mostly only been recently employed. Similarly in Song v Ainsworth Game Technology Pty Ltd a woman won a claim for indirect discrimination, after she was told she could not work full time, and also use her break time to transfer her child from school to after school care. Such a rule disparately impacted women, especially since it was found that other staff could take cigarette breaks without reducing their work hours.
dopamine β-monooxygenase dopamine β-hydroxylase membrane-associated dopamine β-monooxygenase (MDBH) soluble dopamine β-monooxygenase (SDBH) dopamine-B-hydroxylase 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine β-oxidase 4-(2-aminoethyl) pyrocatechol β-oxidase dopa β-hydroxylase dopamine β-oxidase dopamine hydroxylase phenylamine β-hydroxylase (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) β-mono-oxygenase
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== Australia ==== In March 2021, health regulators in Australia approved the combination for people aged 12 years and older with at least one copy of the F508del mutation. At the end of April 2022, it was placed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, thus reducing the cost from tens of thousands of dollars a month, to tens of dollars a month.
=== Pharmacokinetics === Within 4–12 hours of the oral administration of a 10-mg dose to fasting adults, the attained mean ezetimibe peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 3.4–5.5 ng/ml. Following oral administration, ezetimibe is absorbed and extensively conjugated to a phenolic glucuronide (active metabolite). Mean Cmax (45–71 ng/ml) of ezetimibe-glucuronide is attained within 1–2 hours. The concomitant administration of food (high-fat vs. nonfat meals) does not affect the extent of absorption of ezetimibe. However, coadministration with a high-fat meal increases its Cmax by 38%. The absolute bioavailability cannot be determined, since ezetimibe is insoluble in aqueous media suitable for injection. Ezetimibe and its active metabolites are highly bound to human plasma proteins (90%). Ezetimibe is primarily metabolized in the liver and the small intestine via glucuronide conjugation with subsequent renal and biliary excretion. Both the parent compound and its active metabolite are eliminated from plasma with a half-life of around 22 hours, allowing for once-daily dosing. Ezetimibe lacks significant inhibitor or inducer effects on cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, which explains its limited number of drug interactions. No dose adjustment is needed in patients with chronic kidney disease or mild hepatic dysfunction (Child-Pugh score 5–6). Due to insufficient data, the manufacturer does not recommend ezetimibe for patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 7–15).
=== Von Hippel–Lindau disease === Von Hippel–Lindau disease is a dominantly inherited cancer syndrome that significantly increases the risk of various tumors. This includes benign hemangioblastomas and malignant pheochromocytomas, renal cell carcinomas, pancreatic endocrine tumors, and endolymphatic sac tumors. It is caused by genetic mutations in the Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor gene. The VHL protein (pVHL) is involved in cellular signaling in oxygen starved (hypoxic) cells. One role of pVHL is to cause the cellular degradation of another protein, HIF1α. Dysfunctional pVHL leads to accumulation of HIF1α. This activates several genes responsible for the production of substances involved in cell growth and blood vessel production: VEGF, PDGFβ, TGFα and erythropoietin.
=== Benefits of plasma over serum === Plasma preparation is quick, as it is not coagulated. Serum sample preparation requires about 30 minutes of waiting time before it can be centrifuged and then analyzed. However, coagulation can be hastened down to a few minutes by adding thrombin or similar agents to the serum sample. Compared to serum, 15–20% larger volume of plasma can be obtained from a blood sample of certain size. Serum lacks some proteins that partake in coagulation and increase the sample volume. Serum preparation can cause measurement errors by increasing or decreasing the concentration of the analyte that is meant to be measured. For example, during coagulation, blood cells consume blood glucose and platelets increase the sample content of compounds like potassium, phosphates and aspartate transaminase by secreting them. Glucose or these other compounds may be the analytes.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Lyophilized AOD9604 is generally kept at -20 °C or colder, desiccated, and protected from light. Reconstituted solutions are usually refrigerated and handled to minimize repeated freeze-thaw cycles. These are general laboratory handling practices, not instructions for human use.
Mass spectrometry, such as LC-MS or MALDI-TOF, confirms the molecular mass and can reveal sequence-related impurities. Reversed-phase HPLC is used for purity, and peptide mapping or amino acid analysis can support sequence identity. No single method establishes every quality attribute.
No. AOD9604 is a short synthetic fragment of the hGH sequence, not the full 191-amino-acid hormone. It lacks the regions that mediate hGH receptor activation and growth-promoting effects. Products labeled as AOD9604 should not be assumed to have the same properties as hGH.
No, it is a synthetic peptide fragment corresponding to a small portion of hGH. It is not the full 191-amino-acid hormone and does not reproduce all of hGH's effects.